Wells Research & Development

Library

Tests and Configurations

Measuring Image Quality

Measuring Image Quality

MTF

Overview
To explain the concept of MTF, it is easier to start with the idea of a 3-bar target. Most optical engineers are familiar with using a 3-bar target to evaluate how well a lens can resolve fine detail. Since "fine" is an ambiguous word, we specify the target size in lines+spaces per mm. Since "resolve" is also ambiguous, we specify resolution in percent contrast.

We could in theory measure a range of 3-bar targets, and create a plot of contrast vs. (1/target pitch). Such a plot is called a CTF plot, for Contrast Transfer Function. Such a plot tells us a great deal about the performance of a lens. Unfortunately there are a couple of problems. First, it is time consuming to take the data and plot it. Second, we are measuring square wave targets, which contain other frequencies besides the fundamental pitch.

Instead, current practice favors plotting the resolution of sinewave targets. A plot of sine target resolution vs spatial frequency is termed an MTF plot.

The reader will probably guess that CTF and MTF plots are very similar. They are, but they are not identical. For a discussion of the differences the reader is referred to volume 1 of the OSA Handbook of Optics, or Glen Boreman's MTF testing of Electro Optical Systems.

MTF has a tremendous advantage over CTF -- it can be efficiently calculated using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm.

Measuring MTF
PixelScope's MTF wizard computes the Modulation Transfer Function of a lens with a few mouse clicks. The calculation is based on the profile of an edge in the image. The MTF wizard performs the calculation automatically and displays the results in real time.

Preliminary setup
Use the PixelScope's Hardware dialog to enter these values.

  • Collimator focal length
  • Filter
  • F-number
  • Nominal focal length
  • Microscope calibration value

The Optical Layout window provides a concise graphic summary of the values you have entered:

The astute reader may question why so many values are required. After all, the MTF calculation does not require all this information--the focal length of the collimator and lens under test are not actually needed. Nevertheless, we suggest entering the correct values anyway. If you do this the Optical Layout window provides concise documentation of the setup.

Pick a target
The MTF wizard operates on a section of the image with a sharp, well defined edge. The photo below shows a suitable edge.

Note that the intensity has reached a stable value at both ends of the selection area. However the selection below is not satisfactory. Do you see why?

At the left edge of the selection rectangle the blue intensity line has not returned to the background value of zero. Dragging a wider selection rectangle would not help either--the neighboring feature is too close.

Operator care is required when using a crowded target like USAF.

Making the actual measurement
Drag a selection rectangle around the target

The MTF is automatically computed and displayed:


Further information
Further information is available in PixelScope's online Help (F1)
The help file may be downloaded or viewed online.